ABSTRACT
Introduction In this study, we aimed to monitor anti-spike and anti-nucleocapsid antibodies positivity in healthcare workers (HCWs) vaccinated with two doses of inactivated CoronaVac (Sinovac, China) vaccine. Methods Overall, 242 volunteer HCWs were included. Of the participants, 193 were HCWs without history of prior documented COVID-19 (Group 1), while 49 had history of prior documented COVID-19 before vaccination (Group 2). The participants were followed up for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies positivity at four different blood sampling time points (immediately before the second vaccine dose and at the 1st, 3rd months and 141-150 days after the second dose). We investigated the serum IgG class antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 RBD region and IgG class antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antigen by chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA) method using commercial kits. Results We found positive serum anti-RBD IgG antibody in 76.4% of the participants (71% in Group 1;98% in Group 2) 28 days after the first dose. When the antibody levels of the groups were compared at the four blood sampling time points, Group 2 anti-RBD IgG levels were found to be significantly higher than those in Group 1 at all follow-up time points. Although anti-RBD IgG positivity persisted in 95.6% of all participants in the last blood sampling time point, a significant decrease was observed in antibody levels compared to the previous blood sampling time point. Anti-nucleocapsid IgG antibody was positive in 12 (6.2%) of participants in Group 1 and 32 (65.3%) in Group 2 at day 28 after the first dose. At the fourth blood sampling time point, anti-nucleocapsid antibodies were found to be positive in a total of 20 (9.7%) subjects, 10 (6.1%) in Group 1 and 10 (23.8%) in Group 2. Conclusions In this study, it was determined that serum antibody levels decreased in both groups after the third month after the second dose in HCWs vaccinated with CoronaVac vaccine.Copyright © GERMS 2022.
ABSTRACT
Background: Kidney dysfunction is a prevalent disease that leads to many complications over time, such as hypertension, heart disease, and death. ACEI/ARBs are known to be renoprotective. However, few studies describe the association between ACEI/ARB use and kidney dysfunction in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Purpose(s): To explore the association between patients with SARS-CoV- 2 and kidney dysfunction in patients taking an ACEI/ARB. We hypothesize a negative association between patients with SARS-CoV-2 taking an ACEI/ARB and kidney dysfunction. Method(s): A retrospective query between March 2020 and April 2021 was performed in patients 18 years and older who tested positive for SARSCoV- 2 using a polymerase chain reaction test. Patients were divided into two groups: Kidney dysfunction and no kidney dysfunction. Kidney dysfunction was defined as any diagnosis of chronic kidney disease or acute kidney injury. Primary outcomes were all-cause mortality and hospitalization rate. Secondary outcomes included myocardial infarction (MI), hypotension, intubation, vasopressor use, ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation. We used multivariate logistic regression to adjust for baseline characteristics. Result(s): We identified 996 patients with kidney dysfunction and 22,106 without kidney dysfunction who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. The incidence was 258 (25.9%) for ACEI/ARB use in patients with kidney dysfunction. Adjusted odds ratio (OR) for patients with kidney dysfunction was 5.705 (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 4.554-7.146;p<0.001) for hospitalization, 0.895 (95% CI: 0.707-1.135;p<0.361) for patients taking ACEI/ARB, and 0.529 (95% CI: 0.333-0.838;<0.007) for mortality in patients with kidney dysfunction who took ACEI/ARB. All secondary outcomes had significantly greater adjusted OR (p<0.001), except for MI (p<0.339), ventricular tachycardia (p<0.697), and ventricular fibrillation (p<0.060). Conclusion(s): To date, the benefits of ACEI/ARB in SARS-CoV-2 patients have been controversial. While ACEI/ARB is known to have renoprotective properties, we did not find a significant association between ACEI/ARB and kidney dysfunction in patients with SARS-CoV-2. However, we found the use of ACEI/ARB in patients with kidney dysfunction to be associated with lower mortality. Therefore, clinicians should continue using this medication for its mortality benefits in patients with kidney dysfunction and its cardioprotective effects.
ABSTRACT
The recently identified 2019 novel coronaviruses (2019-nCoV) has caused extra-human infections. 2019-nCoV identified a global threat that is causing an outbreak of unusual viral pneumonia in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronaviruses 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Considering the relatively high identity of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) in 2019-nCoV and SARS-CoV, it is urgent to assess the cross-reactivity of anti-SARS-CoV antibodies with 2019-nCoV spike protein, which could have important implications for rapid development of vaccines and therapeutic antibodies against 2019-nCoV. The zinc metallopeptidase angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the only known human homolog of the key regulator of blood pressure ACE. ACE2 also serves as the cellular entry point for the SARS virus, therefore, a prime target for pharmacological intervention. SARS-CoV-2 uses the SARS-CoV receptor for entry and the serine protease transmembrane protease serine 2 for spike (S) protein priming. That it is still necessary to develop novel mAbs that could bind specifically to 2019-nCoV RBD. Cell entry of coronaviruses depends on the binding of the viral S proteins to cellular receptors and S protein priming by host cell proteases. A transmembrane protease serine 2 inhibitor approved for clinical use blocked entry and might constitute a treatment option. Our results reveal important commonalities between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV infection and identify a potential target for antiviral intervention. This review will help understand the biology and potential risk of CoVs that exist in richness in wildlife such as bats. We provide a brief introduction to the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome-CoV and interaction between the RBD of coronavirus spike protein and ACE2.